From Anaemia To Birth Defects: Uncover The Serious Aftermath Of Deficiency Of Folic Acid Levels

Folic acid, or vitamin B9, is a vital nutrient important for various physiological processes, such as DNA synthesis, the formation of red blood cells, and overall cellular activity. People of any age may experience major health problems as a result of a folic acid deficiency. Maintaining general health and well-being requires an understanding of the signs and causes of folic acid deficiency. 

Deficiency of folic acid causes numerous health problems, such as anaemia, weakness, exhaustion, and reduced cognitive function. Adequate folic acid is especially important for pregnant women to prevent birth abnormalities in their unborn children. In addition, low folic acid levels may raise the risk of heart disease, weaken the immune system, and cause hair loss. This blog examines the effects of folic acid deficiency and ways to prevent it. 

Table Of Contents

1. What Is Folic Acid?

2. What Are The Impacts Of Folic Acid Deficiency?

3. Prevention And Treatment Of Folic Acid Deficiency

4. Dietitian's Recommendation

5. The Final Say

6. FAQs

7. References
 

What Is Folic Acid?

Folic acid is a synthetic form of folate, a naturally occurring B vitamin found in leafy greens, citrus fruits, legumes, and fortified foods. The body requires folate for the production of red blood cells, DNA synthesis, and proper fetal development during pregnancy. Because folate is water-soluble, the body does not store it in large amounts, necessitating a regular dietary intake.

A poor diet is one of the most frequent causes of folic acid deficiency. So, listen when you are asked to eat properly. Individuals who consume low amounts of folate-rich foods, such as leafy greens, legumes, and citrus fruits, are at higher risk. Malnutrition, prevalent in developing countries and among individuals with eating disorders, further aggravates this issue. 

What Are The Impacts Of Folic Acid Deficiency Cause?

Low folic acid levels cause fatigue, dizziness, and pale skin. Low folic acid also increases homocysteine levels, a risk factor for heart disease and stroke. Deficiency of folic acid causes:
 

1. Pregnancy-Related Deficiencies

Certain conditions and life stages increase the body’s demand for folic acid, including:

Folic acid is crucial for fetal neural tube development. Pregnant women require higher folic acid intake, which can be gained from folic acid-rich foods, to prevent congenital disabilities like spina bifida. Folic acid deficiency can cause serious birth defects. In fact, rapid growth periods, especially during infancy and adolescence, demand increased folic acid intake.

2. Malabsorption Disorders

Some medical conditions impair folate absorption, leading to deficiencies. These include:

• Celiac Disease: Nutrient absorption is decreased when the lining of the small intestine is damaged.
• Crohn’s Disease: Chronic inflammation disrupts digestion and absorption of essential vitamins.
• Short Bowel Syndrome: Surgical removal of portions of the intestine can decrease nutrient uptake.

3. Hemolytic Anaemia

By reducing the synthesis of red blood cells and making them more fragile, folic acid deficiency can result in hemolytic anaemia. Vitamin B9, or folic acid, is necessary for DNA synthesis and cell division, particularly in red blood cells (RBCs) that divide quickly.

A shortage results in the creation of fragile, unusually big red blood cells that degrade quickly, which lowers the body's ability to transport oxygen. Hemolysis, the early breakdown of red blood cells, causes symptoms like weakness, exhaustion, pale skin, and dyspnea.

4. Genetic Mutations

Folic acid deficiency interferes with DNA synthesis and repair, which can result in genetic mutations. It aids in the methylation process, which controls gene expression, folic acid (vitamin B9) is necessary for the synthesis and maintenance of DNA. Improper DNA replication due to a deficit can result in mutations and strand breakage. These genetic changes raise the chance of neurological conditions, birth abnormalities, and even some types of cancer.

Folic acid deficiency can affect the brain, blood, and pregnancy outcomes, among other health problems. Additionally, it weakens the immune system, making infections more likely.

Prevention And Treatment Of Folic Acid Deficiency

The good news is that folic acid deficiency is preventable and treatable with dietary changes and supplements like:
 

1. Consuming Folate-Rich Foods

A well-balanced diet with the following foods ensures adequate folic acid intake:

• Leafy Greens- Spinach, kale, and collard greens.
• Legumes- Lentils, chickpeas, and black beans.
• Citrus Fruits- Oranges, lemons, and grapefruits.
• Fortified Foods- Breakfast cereals, bread, and pasta enriched with folic acid.
• Nuts and Seeds- Sunflower Seeds and almonds.
   

2. Folic Acid Supplements

Pregnant women are advised to take 400–600 mcg of folic acid daily. Individuals with malabsorption conditions or genetic mutations may require higher doses. Elderly individuals with cognitive decline may benefit from folic acid supplementation.
 

3. Limiting Alcohol Consumption

Reducing alcohol intake can significantly improve folate absorption and utilisation in the body. Chronic alcohol consumption brings down your folic acid levels by damaging the digestive system, reducing nutrient absorption, and increasing its excretion through urine. This deficiency can lead to anaemia, fatigue, weakened immunity, and developmental issues during pregnancy.
 

Also Read: How Can I Improve My Digestive System? Get The Answers With These 10 Helpful Tips!
 

4. Managing Medications And Chronic Conditions

Some prescription drugs interfere with folic acid metabolism, leading to deficiencies. These include:

• Methotrexate (used for cancer and autoimmune diseases)
• Phenytoin, Carbamazepine (antiepileptic drugs)
• Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (antibiotic)
• Sulfasalazine (used for inflammatory bowel disease)
   

Additionally, individuals with Crohn’s disease, celiac disease, or other malabsorption disorders should work closely with their healthcare providers to ensure adequate folic acid intake.

Dietitian's Recommendation

Folic acid deficiency can lead to anaemia, birth defects, and neurological issues. To prevent this, include leafy greens (spinach, kale), citrus fruits, legumes, nuts, and fortified cereals in your diet. Pregnant women need at least 600 mcg folic acid daily to prevent neural tube defects. Avoid excessive alcohol and processed foods, which hinder folic acid absorption. If needed, take a 400 mcg supplement daily.

                                                                                 Dt. Akshata Gandevikar

The Final Say

A vital ingredient for general health, folic acid is especially important for the synthesis of DNA, the creation of red blood cells, and fetal development. A deficiency can lead to anaemia, birth defects, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological issues. By maintaining a balanced diet, taking appropriate supplements, and managing underlying conditions, individuals can prevent and treat folic acid deficiency effectively.

FAQs

1. How much folic acid is required daily?

Adults need 400 mcg of folic acid daily, while pregnant women require 600 mcg to prevent birth defects. Breastfeeding mothers need 500 mcg. People with medical conditions like anaemia may need higher doses. A balanced diet or supplements can help meet daily requirements.

2. What does deficiency of folic acid lead to?

Folic acid deficiency causes megaloblastic anaemia, leading to fatigue, weakness, and pale skin. It also increases the risk of neural tube defects in newborns, cognitive decline, and high homocysteine levels, raising heart disease risk. Deficiency may also cause poor immune function and digestive issues.

3. What does deficiency of folic acid produce?

Folic acid deficiency produces abnormally large red blood cells that cannot function properly, leading to anaemia. It also results in neurological symptoms like confusion, depression, and memory loss. In pregnant women, it produces fetal abnormalities, including spinal cord defects. A weakened immune system and digestive issues may also occur.

4. Who is at risk of folic acid deficiency?

Pregnant women, alcoholics, people with digestive disorders (e.g., celiac disease), and those with poor diets are at higher risk of folic acid deficiency.

References

• https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22198-folate-deficiency
• https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamin-b12-or-folate-deficiency-anaemia/causes/
• https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/219853
• https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements-folate/art-20364625
• https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/folic-acid-deficiency-anemia
• https://patient.info/allergies-blood-immune/anaemia-leaflet/folic-acid-deficiency-anaemia
• https://patient.info/doctor/folate-deficiency
• https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/folic-acid-deficiency/

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